The marketing strategy of business network transformation

The promoting technique of business organize change By definition, Business Network Transformation (BNT) is an advertising methodology wherein organizations will receive an alternate way which typically organizations would follow so as to be increasingly serious in this powerful business world. The two significant wonders that are generally significant from any companys point of view would be quicker mechanical development regarding items benefits and being a dependable provider. Augmentation model: Companies embrace the expansion model to spread out their business to increase new bit of business with expanding request. Coming up next are the significant parts of Business Network Transformation  â  Value suggestion: It is imperative to express the sort of items or administrations the organization give to its clients. In addition, it gives an exceptional incentive between a business and possibilities of the business. It is likewise a vital resource which shapes a reason for Market and its methodology , Business Planning , Partner and contenders system , activities, Customer administration and Pricing . Client Interface  â  Target client: This depicts how the client sections are focused to accomplish a gainful development.    Distribution channel: This depicts how the item arrives at the client by different courses. Relationship: This clarifies how the firm is connected with the client through its different client portions. Framework Management  â  Value design: It determines the manner by which the different exercises and assets of the business are orchestrated Center competency: This characterizes how the center capabilities required in a plan of action are executed.  Partner organize: This depicts how to work together with colleagues to reap the advantage out of it. Ordinary method of maintaining a business is to separate an incentive from companys organize which is a substantial resource that connects the endeavor and buyers as far as its network capacities. Nonetheless, as clarified in the definition, presently the companys began embracing diverse method of doing their business by receiving various models whereby esteem is separated from immaterial resources like web based business activities, directed publicizing that will in the long run produce administration charges from performed exchanges or commissions. This approach of getting an incentive from elusive resources will surely beat substantial resource - based availability incomes. The two terms, Present Mode of Operation (PMO) and Future Mode of Operation (FMO) are so essential in current business world. What is required from big business perspective is to have extra plans of action which will a best fit for undertakings Future method of activity that prompts increment in income development of the organization and decrease in organizations operational costs by estimating the impalpable resources of the business. Alcatel-lucent, a Tele-correspondence specialist co-op organization has been taken for instance. The organization has put resources into new IP, IPTV and IMS advancements so as to contend with other specialist co-ops who have extended their system to union of voice, information and video benefits across fixed, remote and satellite systems. So as to continue in the opposition, a portion of the specialist co-ops are making their present administrations more affordable, quicker and better. Framing new Business Transformation Strategies are unavoidable in current business situation. Nonetheless, there exist a few hindrances in the brains of specialist organizations that these quick changes in the plan of action may upset current plans of action income. It has been assessed that voice and information membership administrations contributes 80% of current income. It could be seen that a degree of immersion is gone after the conventional model. Because of this immersion limit , the organization Alcatel-Lucent chose has chosen to go in for the propelled plan of action not just withstanding to permit the specialist co-ops to tap new income yet to separate themselves from contenders by membership based organizations. Specialist organizations need to perform basic appraisal of Tangible and elusive resources inside the legitimate limits so as to assess current plan of action. Rate of profitability (ROI) is a fundamental point of convergence for the specialist co-ops which can be accomplished by strategic resources selling Genuine Business Model Innovations Because of market request in correspondence industry there is expanding pressure from specialist co-ops to embrace new plans of action so as to enter through the current market. Coming up next are Business models in the fields of advancement Sponspered correspondences M-banking Broadband Community Centers Facilitated Platforms Wholesaling Redistributing Resource sharing Content Aggregation and Brokering Directed Advertising UGC and Communities Satisfaction Online business and m-Commerce Supported Communications: Publicizing through financed calls is one of the significant advancements in the field of Telecommunication. There is calculable change anticipated while looking at the ordinary membership model. Kind of motivators as more talk time and paying lesser are the additional advantages stretched out to the clients on the off chance that they acknowledge to get commercial messages. At first this technique was placed in to use by a UK Based organization who figures out how to offer these sorts of advantages to focused clients in the age bunch between sixteen to twenty multi year of individuals, in the long run this methodology has yielded a decrease in end client get to expenses to a range between 20 to 50 % M-banking: Due to different socio-affordable reasons , it tends to be seen that in the majority of the nations may not be having fundamental financial support of its kin , on opposite utilizing versatile workforce is so normal in the greater part of the nations . It would be somewhat troublesome and fairly costly to oversee exchanges for particularly for those having littler records through the current financial framework because of lacking number of branches exist in countries where populace blast is on the drive, particularly in the rustic zones. These deficiencies can be tended to through the M-banking which utilizes versatile innovation. The mechanical progression rather the methodology in the Mobile business is to create Mobile prepaid installment motors that oversee continuous little exchanges by the utilization of SMS (Short Message Service) which is actually a more affordable measure to the Mobile clients. This administration of Mobile banking has been fruitful in numerous nations particularly in developing nations like India and China. A great model can be cited from a main specialist co-op of Telecom arranged in Philippines , named as Global Telecom, who presented a help called G-Cash administration which has electronic valet office through which the client can send and get electronically and installments can be made through short message messaging . Because of its ease being used it has been anticipated by World Resource Institute that because of its interest, with in 5 years Mobile financial administrations will be stretched out to billion clients. Broadband Community Centers: Singapore is one of the common models for this element. Public venues give Internet office to its occupants there by offering administrations like e - government Tax installment, application structures, and so forth . In certain nations like Australia, Broad band public venues expect the jobs of Bank offices or government operators. Essentially these focuses serve the occupants as a stage wherein more ventures and social associations have a more noteworthy reach to the individuals, which become a financially savvy measure for the individuals also. Facilitated Platforms: This methodology is executed by Alcatel-Lucent organization in an African nation Senegal where it facilitated a versatile server farm where the specialist organizations from four different pieces of the world utilize it by giving GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) applications that run at a speed of 115 kb/s. Because of this administration office it gets feasible for the specialist organizations can offer types of assistance to the end client at a lot shorter timeframe of 3 months. The fundamental preferred position in this plan of action can be seen from the way that the specialist organizations the individuals who are in this need to pay to the host organization Alcatel-Lucent as and when they utilize the stage. This is in fact a genuine advantage for nations which are immature like Africa where the nation may not adequate clients to draw in Telecom organizations to contribute on independent stages to convey advance administrations in the field of Telecommun ication in a proficient and savvy way. Wholesaling: This sort of approach is followed generally in the creating nations where the system administrator exchanges abundance net work ability to a retail specialist organization VNO (Virtual Network administrator) who thus offer administrations to purchasers or business foundations Re-appropriating: This methodology turns out to be increasingly regular in the vast majority of the nations. Everyday work works and dealing with the assets will be given to an outer provider. The business capacities that will be offered will be separated in nature. The outer provider will deal with related work elements of Data stockpiling, budgetary bookkeeping, Supply Chain the executives and HR capacities like compensation roll and so forth . The significant preferred position of re-appropriating lies on the decrease in the all out expense of possession and stretching out opportune support of the customers Resource sharing: The principle bit of leeway of this model is sharing covering substantial resources between administrations suppliers work same systems so as to dispense with foundations that are covering among them. Because of this advantage - sharing model the specialist organizations can grow the territory of inclusion and diminish sway on condition to a more noteworthy broaden. This methodology again lessens the absolute expense of possession and increasingly imaginative administrations can be given to their purchasers. Content Aggregation and Brokering: The primary driver for this plan of action approach is the idea of UGC (User-produced content

A Silver Dish

Include one additional variable Into the condition, and the whole arrangement has hanged, Just also If you were to take one variable out. In this exposition, I will utilize the butterfly impact hypothesis to clarify how occasions will be changed when one trademark Is removed from the fundamental character, after first distinguishing four of his attributes and demonstrating how it bolsters the improvement of the story just as his character. I'm not catching it's meaning to have obligations and what is its significance throughout everyday life? Obligation comprises of the obligation or commitment that one owes to another or oneself.One can coordinate the duty towards family, companions, and even God. Obligation brings about a positive character characteristic that shows a high level of unselfishness. It shows every individual that there will consistently be something past themselves to think about. Duty can comprise of good, lawful, mental or physical commitments. Woody, a representati ve in Chicago, has a perpetual measure of obligation. â€Å"He [father] came to Woody In the lawn one spring day and stated, ‘From now on you're the man of the house' â€Å"(Bellow 543).At the age of fourteen, Wood's dad had relinquished him, leaving Woody the duty of dealing with his mom and two more youthful sisters. He thinks about his mom and his two sisters who are generally full grown-ups. He additionally thinks about his dad and his dad's significant other, however he imparts no blood to his stepmother. † Since his better half, following fifteen years of partition had not figured out how to deal with herself, Woody did her shopping on Fridays, filled her cooler. He needed to take her this week to purchase shoes. Likewise, Friday night he went through with Helen-his significant other De facto.Saturday he did his large week by week shopping. Saturday night he committed to Mom and his sisters. He was too occupied to even think about attending to his own feelingsâ⠂¬ (Bellow 541 Wood's incalculable commitments to his family UT him in a place of the predominant male, the overseer. â€Å"Mother and the young ladies transformed into government assistance characters and lost their individual blueprints. Ok, the poor things, they became wards and wrenches. Meanwhile, Woody, the evil man, was their devoted and cherishing child and 561). How might the story have changed If Woody had no feeling of responsibility?As a kid, Woody had no real option except to assume full liability over his family, seeing as no one else would. During these difficult situations for Woody, his magnanimous demonstrations were the paste that held his wrecked family unblemished. If Woody somehow happened to oust every single caring inclination from his body and supplant it with unadulterated egotistical contemplations, just the most noticeably awful would be coming up for his family. â€Å"Woody, who assumed full liability for them all, sporadically needed to put one of th e young ladies (they had gotten wiped out) In a psychological 541). On the off chance that Woody had Ignored shadows, referred to just as the insane ladies you advise your youngsters to avoid.The storyteller proceeded to state that, † he paid for warmth and light and food, and dressed them all out of Sears, Roebuck and Webfoot's, and gotten them a TV, which they looked as faithfully as they prayed†(Bellow 561). With his mom in the medical clinic strictly, his sister looked into a psychological establishment, and his other sister unfit to balance out herself or her profession, Woody had no real option except to assume liability. On the off chance that he hadn't done as such, realizing that his dad could never step up to his obligations, his family would have inconclusively died to the unforgiving truth of poverty.Woody had given indications of genuine reliability to his family, dependability that will consistently be in presence, in any event, for his dad. A few people ac cept that dependability makes one unsurprising. Others may state that being steadfast methods being not able to have an independent perspective. What's more, some may even repay steadfastness as a shortcoming. Devotion is the eagerness to make a venture or giving up of one's own priorities to reinforce a relationship. Despite the fact that it is uncommon to locate, a steadfast individual is an important advantage for anybody. Dedication includes acquiescence, penance, and empathy, a blend that isn't anything but difficult to find.Family requires undoubted steadfastness from relatives just as kinships expect companions to pass on the importance of devotion to reinforce a bond among one and another. A devoted man can be portrayed as a man who forfeits his life for his family, his companions, and even his nation. For his situation, reliability will be portrayed as Woodsy interminable commitment to his dad. Woodsy dad had, on each event, let Woody down, yet he has consistently remained behind his dad. Mimi got the chance to loan me cash to purchase gas the caddie cash you saved†(Bellow 543).The just cash Woody had the option to set aside working a side activity, Woodsy dad had accepted it as escape money. Woody had not delayed after giving his dad what he had requested, despite the fact that this implied Woody was an empowering influence for his dad's desires after abandoning his family. â€Å"Why had he let Pop have his direction? For what reason did he consent to meet him that day, in the diminish back of the lorry? â€Å"(Bellow 549). Woodsy dad had return for one reason, he required cash. Woody had chosen to take him to Ms.Skulled, the lady who out of sincere trust, paid for Woodsy school educational cost for a long time to turn into a priest. Woody had faced a challenge by carrying his dad to the main individual who bolsters him throughout everyday life. What he didn't expect is that his dad was anticipating taking her own possessions for additional m oney. In any event, when his dad had done as such, Woody had remained by him and stated, â€Å"He denied that he or Pop had contacted Ms. Shouldn't property. The missing article e didn't have a clue what it was-had most likely been lost, and they would be extremely sorry on the day it turned up†(Bellow 559).By remaining faithful to his dad, an excellent and uncommon quality, he had in certainty demonstrated himself to be misleading and along these lines backstabbing to the individuals who had bolstered him as he was growing up. Remove one variable from a condition, and the appropriate response will be altogether unique. Similarly as a condition, expel a character quality from Woodsy character, and the whole story will contrast from the first. In the event that woody had not been so faithful to his dad, numerous things would have been unique. To begin, if Woody had not given his dad the cash to get away, His dad could have stayed away forever, accepting that there was no warmi ng greeting to accept.If he had for sure returned however, and approached Woody again for cash, I accept that Woody would have turned him down. Woody was wealthy in his life, element from himself. At the point when his dad returned once more, if Woody had thought in to a greater extent a narrow minded way, he would have turned his dad down, and would not have managed the agony of his supporters abandoning him. By being increasingly narrow minded, Woody would have been viewed as a progressively decent character, without soft spot for the man who mined his life. Woodsy reliability to his dad had been the variable in his life that persistently constrained a ruin in his life.Loyalty is involved numerous things, however one thing dedication requires is trustworthiness. Trustworthiness is another quality that is uncommon to discover in this world, a quality that ought to be cherished. Genuineness is the capacity of being true, honest, reliable, noteworthy, and reasonable. At the point whe n you take a gander at being straightforward and coming clean it would appear as a basic undertaking to rehearse. Being straightforward methods keeping a companions mystery obscure, admitting to your errors, and coming clean notwithstanding the outcomes. At the point when you say something, make an honest one. Notwithstanding, it appears that being altogether legitimate can be more troublesome than one may see it to be. Woody was moved when things were straightforward. Bearing shafts were straightforward, undisguised solid columns inside skyscraper condos were straightforward. It was terrible to cover anything. He detested faking†(Bellow 542). Everything in his life that Woody had the option to acknowledge had been straightforward. Woody had attempted to gain from his dad's errors, and rather being a legit man. In the wake of carrying his dad to the place of the lady who might support Woody and his dad with their cash issue within reach, Woody saw his dad taking a silver dish from the benevolent woman. ‘Before they descend, pop, will you uncover that dish from underneath your long Johns. ‘ Pop turned solid on him. He turned out to be completely military. He stated, ‘Look, I request you! ‘ Before he knew it, Woody had Jumped his dad and started to grapple with him†(Bellow 556) Being a legitimate man, Woody must conflict with his dependability for his dad and prevent him from submitting robbery towards the one individual who can support them. Woody gives a valiant effort to be straightforward with everyone around him, however to be straightforward with one may result n unscrupulousness towards another. Contemptibility is a word used to depict the nonattendance of honesty.If Woody would have been known as a man with the nonappearance of trustworthiness, the Woodsy life may have been adjusted completely. On the off chance that he had permitted his dad to proceed with his robbery, he would not just have felt remorseful for permit ting the horrendous deed to proceed, he would have been an assistant. He should need to pick a side, to remain behind his dad or against him. By remaining with him, it could include touched off a sparkle inside Woody, making him emulate his dad's example as a compulsive thief. He old have proceeded to lead an existence of wrongdoing, overlooking his mom and two sisters at home to starve.Truth and genuineness are difficult characteristics to drop by, yet truth can generally be found in religion. Religion can be characterized as an arrangement of convictions, images, and qualities that furnish a gathering of individuals with the arrangement of the subject of a definitive significance. Religion is an approach to gain a higher sentiment of gaudiness. Man joins himself with the Infinite and feels praised. Through religion, men and lady can give their lives reason. Religion is the focal component in the life of human progress. Woody, submerged in Christianity, is known to take care of bus iness profoundly associated with his strict roots.Woodsy religion is the thing that put him on the way for another life, a way

Clinton, Hillary Rodham

Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Hillary Rodham rod ´?m [key], 1947â€", U.S. senator and secretary of state, wife of President Bill Clinton , b. Chicago, grad. Wellesley College (B.A. 1969), Yale Law School (LL.B., 1973). After law school she served on the House panel that investigated the Watergate affair . She was in private practice from 1977 until 1992, becoming an expert on children's rights. After her husband's election as president, she initially played a highly visible role in his administration, co-chairing the task force that proposed changes in the U.S. health-care system. Less publicly involved in policy issues after that program failed to gain support, she won sympathy for her support of her husband during the Lewinsky scandal and the subsequent impeachment proceedings. She became the first first lady to be subpoenaed by a grand jury when she testified about the Whitewater affair in 1996. In 2000, Clinton won election as a Democrat to the U.S. senate from New York, becoming the first wif e of a president to win election to public office; she was reelected in 2006. A candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008, she lost to Barack Obama , but she subsequently served (2009â€"13) as secretary of state after he was elected president. Her use of a private email server while at the State Dept. was widely criticized, including by the FBI, and it became an issue when she ran for president in 2016. After defeating Senator Bernie Sanders to become the first woman nominated for U.S. president by a major political party, she chose Senator Tim Kaine as her running mate. The Clinton-Kaine ticket subsequently lost the election (although it won the popular vote) to Donald Trump and Mike Pence in one of the bitterest, most personal, and socially divisive contests in recent U.S. history. Clinton is the author of It Takes a Village (1996); two memoirs, Living History (2003) and Hard Choices (2014); and What Happened (2017), an account of the 2016 race from her perspective. See biographies by D. Radcliffe (1994), D. Brock (1996), G. Sheehy (1999), G. Troy (2006), C. Bernstein (2007), and J. Gerth and D. Van Natta, Jr. (2007); W. H. Chafe, Bill and Hillary: The Politics of the Personal (2012); J. Allen and A. Parnes, HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton (2014). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The Origin of HIV/AIDS Essay - 803 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was once considered a taboo disease that made its appearance in the United States around the late 1970s. Little was known about the virus and it was originally thought to just be found in the gay male community. As more and more research has been done people now understand the virus and realize that it affects men and women as well as all races, ages, and sexual orientation. It is believed that HIV is a mutated form of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that is found in chimpanzees. It most likely moved to the human population from people hunting monkeys, coming in contact with their blood, and eating their meat (The Origin of HIV/AIDS, 2014). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) leads to the life†¦show more content†¦The first type of drugs that can be used are Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI). They work to inhibit the replication of HIV throughout the body. Each NRTI has different side effects; the most common ones include nausea, ulcers, headache, vomiting, and peripheral neuropathy. Another type of AIDS medication is Protease Inhibitors (PI). They will stop reproduction of the virus during later stages in its life cycle. PIs bring on many of the same common problems as NRTIs. There are other medications that are not as widely used which include Fusion Inhibitors that stop the HIV from fusing with a cell and reproducing, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) which are commonly called the HIV â€Å"cocktail† which combines medications to limit the amount of virus in the body, and Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) which, like its name states, stops the virus fro m replicating by blocking infection of cells (AIDSTreatment, n.d.). In 2010 the average yearly cost for such treatment was around $23,000 meaning only those with the means to afford this treatment can reap the benefits (HIV cost-effectiveness, n.d.). As a NBA All-Star, Magic Johnson is one of the lucky few capable of acquiring the treatment necessary to combat this virus. In late 1991, Magic Johnson received a phone call that would change his life forever. His doctor informed him that he had contracted the HIV virus. At the time it was still considered what manyShow MoreRelatedThe Human Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retrovirus that is found in two forms HIV-1 and HIV-2. The AIDS virus is a relatively new virus receiving attention in the 1980’s. As quickly as it swept through the world, was as quickly it went to epidemic proportions. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a virus that enters and infects the body through sexual activity with an infected party. AIDS is a very infectious and dangerous virus that causes the death of many humans. AIDS is characterized by two singleRead MoreHiv And Aids : Aids1606 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Hello, today we are discussing HIV and AIDS. This disease is known as a severe decline in one’s immune system resulting in a decreased ability to resist infection and malignancy. A lot of people ask what the difference between HIV and AIDS is. HIV is the virus that causes the disease AIDS. With this being said, I will now discuss some objectives that that will be covered throughout this lecture that I hope will help guide you as well as help you have a better understanding of the progressionRead MoreIsaiah Bouromphongsa . 2Nd Hour. Mrs. Klaren. 4/12/17.1013 Words   |  5 PagesIsaiah Bouromphongsa 2nd Hour Mrs. Klaren 4/12/17 HIV vs. Ebola HIV and Ebola are often compared to each other, but they are very different viruses. HIV also known as human immunodeficiency virus is one of two retroviruses that infect and destroy helper T cells of the immune system, causing a reduction of T cells. Ebola is an infectious and fatal disease that starts with fever and internal bleeding, spread through contact with infected bodily fluids by a filovirus. In The Hot Zone, Richard PrestonRead MoreCommunicable Disease: HIV/AIDS1243 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Communicable Disease: HIV/AIDS What is a communicable disease? A  communicable  disease  is carried by microorganisms and transmitted through people, animals, surfaces, foods, or air.  Therefore, communicable diseases rely on fluid exchange, contaminated substances, or close contact to travel from an infected carrier to a healthy individual. The  disease  might need a blood exchange via an injection, float along a  sneeze  in a movie theater, or transmitted through childbirth. Hence, a human-to-humanRead MoreModern Day Methods Of Contracting1113 Words   |  5 Pagesexplained. Also, HIV and the different subfields this virus can be classified in are discussed throughout the research. As well as the where this virus was contracted, about the time when, and how it was possible. Also, the modern day methods of contracting this virus are listed in detail throughout the paper. The process of contraction of HIV through zoonotic transmissions is elaborated. An estimate on just how many of these animal- to-human transmissions that happened leading to HIV/AIDS is given. LastlyRead MoreStigma Of Hiv And Aids918 Words   |  4 Pages With the recent passing of World AIDS day on December 1st, 2015, which followed Charlie Sheen’s recent disclosure of him being HIV-positive, revealed sad realties about society’s relations to HIV and AIDS. So it seems opportune that this paper shed some light on the issue of stigma in relation to HIV and AIDS. This paper supports the notions that although stigma around HIV status has come a long way since its inception as an infectious disease in the 1980s, HIV stigma has not yet come to an endRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 Pagesvirus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. The virus continues to race around the world, and new HIV infections are at 50,000 per year (Martine Peeters, Matthieu Jung, Ahidjo Ay ouba) (2013). The final outcome of the HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are many treatments that have developed to help the large number of people infected (Demmer, 2002). HIV greatlyRead MoreAids/Hiv Essay 21504 Words   |  7 Pagesalso known as AIDS is a disease that gradually attacks breaks down the human immune system that starts out with the virus called HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS makes it impossible for the people suffering with the disease to fight off simple infections and viruses that normal, healthy individuals wouldn’t be affected by. It’s not the virus that actually kills the individual, it’s the small scale outside infections, tumors, and viruses that kills the person because the AIDS virus destroysRead MoreThe Presence And Outbreak Of An Infectious Disease1176 Words   |  5 Pagespandemic that has had far reaching consequences is that of HIV (human immunodeficiency)/AIDS (acquired immune de ficiency symptoms), which officially began in 1981 and since has taken the lives of over 39 million people worldwide (PBS). The HIV virus attacks one’s â€Å"T-cells,† which are vital to one’s immune system. Someone infected with the virus becomes increasingly susceptible to contracting infections (Immune System 101). People can contract the HIV virus through the following ways: in their mother’s wombRead MoreIn 2015, An Estimate Of 36.7 Million People Was Living1009 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2015, an estimate of 36.7 million people was living with HIV and 1.1 million people died of AIDS-related illnesses (_). AIDS is a severe disease that causes the human’s immune system to become weak. Once the human body’s immune system is damaged, the body is more susceptible for infections. The most terrifying part about this entire ordeal is that scientist have yet to find a permanent cure for HIV/AIDS. As time progresses, scientists have been able to u nderstand the illness even more and created

World War I And The Great War - 1324 Words

World War I, also known as the Great War, was a Worldwide war which took place in Europe from 1914 to 1918. The cause of the World War I was on June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary and member of the Black Hand. The revenge by Austria-Hungary against Serbia brought upon a repetition of events that set off a repetition of reaction to war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare. Alliances, Imperialism, Militarism, and Nationalism played a major part in the Great War. The war was fought by two major alliances. The Entente Powers consisted of France, England, Russia, and†¦show more content†¦The expansion of imperialism happened because of the natural resources they would gain with conquering other countries territory. Not including another reason for expansion is nationalism, because one who takes pride in its country think they are better than another country and decide to take over the less civilized parts. German and Great Britain two strong empires has battled over Africa and Asia for a long period of time without succeeding, Interruptions and rebellious attacks with other countries is what led to the war. Militarism, another factor with creating dangerous weapons that would create more damage than any other. For example, the Dreadnought was brought upon by the British navy, created to show Germans that they were ruling the seas and couldn’t be defeated. The battle ship was more advanced than most and the fastest. Militarism, the ideal was to create more powerful weapons, with a larger amount, but for less money. The thoughts of militarism are that the navy are giving the reputation of a higher priority, gaining larger navies. Most governments were influenced by military leaders who were forced to take interest in spending extra on having military power. Nationalism, turned small issues into major disputes, making war more inevitable. Nationalism is the belief of one’s loyalty to the nation and putting their goals before others. It brought about the knowledge of independence, and the fight for the control of Balkans, only

Brown Tufted Capuchin Free Essays

Brown Tufted Capuchins are New World primates from South America. They are one of the most widespread species of primates in the neotropics. Like other capuchins, these are social animals, forming groups of eight to ten individuals, and are led by a dominant male. We will write a custom essay sample on Brown Tufted Capuchin or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Tufted Capuchin is more powerfully built than the other capuchins, with rougher fur and a short, thick tail. In the wild they spend most of their time in trees. The goal of my study is to determine whether Brown Tufted Capuchins in zoos spend more time on the ground or off the ground. I did my observations on the Capuchin Troop, which is composed of 7 monkeys, 4 males and 3 females, ranging from the ages of 20 to 23 years old. Their enclosure contains different types of logs, ropes, boxes, rocks, and other materials that are part of their behavioral enrichment. Its measurements are 3. 81L, 3. 8W, 4. 57H and 8. 84L, 3. 8W, 4. 57H. Their diets consist of New World Monkey Chow and mixed vegetables. They are fed every morning before 10:30 a. m. and every afternoon after 2:30 p. m. My observations started on September 15th, 2010 and ended October 7th, 2010. I conducted them using the instantaneous sampling method, in which I recorded behaviors in three-minute intervals every 1 minute over an hour. I observed a different monkey every day, recorded every time it got on or off the ground and how much time they spent in each. After concluding my 30 hours of observations and carefully analyzing them, I determined that the capuchin troop spends more time on the ground than off the ground. They spent 10 hours, 31 minutes, and 29 seconds off the ground and 11 hours, 13 minutes, and 31 seconds on the ground. The results I obtained are much different than the ones I would have obtained doing observations in the wild. Although they spend much time foraging on the ground, Tufted Capuchins spend most of their time on trees. REFERENCES 1. Article: Hass, M. , Buzzell, C. , Konick, A. J. , Phillips, K. A. 2003. â€Å"Social learning and the acquisition of tool use in brown capuchin monkeys† The Ohio Journal of Science pA-7. 2. Internet: Gron KJ. 2009 April 17. Primate Factsheets: Tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) Taxonomy, Morphology, Ecology . . Accessed 2010 October 13. http://www. rollinghillswildlife. com/animals/c/capuchinbrowntufted/index. html How to cite Brown Tufted Capuchin, Papers

Ranbaxy Case Project free essay sample

Eli Lilly Ranbaxy is an example of a joint venture that was pursued with the right strategy, which was a result due to a changing US pharmaceutical market and a rapidly expanding India market. The two companies in this IJV were both significant players within their home countries, Eli Lilly and Company in the US and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited from India. When the possibility of establishing a joint venture was approached in 1992, the Indian market for pharmaceuticals was becoming more open to foreign direct investment. Also India at the time was putting a limit on the amount of foreign ownership, from 40 percent to 51 percent, creating less foreign competition in the region. With numerous of opportunities opening up within the Indian market, Eli Lilly saw this as a stepping-stone for future clinical testing. Both companies having common backgrounds and goals of being a research oriented international pharmaceutical company, embarking on a joint venture seemed ideal. We will write a custom essay sample on Ranbaxy Case Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eli Lilly would establish a presence in the region and gain access to the distribution network enjoyed by Ranbaxy. Furthermore, this JV would result in lower costs in production as well as basic research, which are considerable factors in their broad strategy. The evolution of the international joint venture was strategically handled with early success, starting off with the name of the company, Eli Lilly Ranbaxy; it was strategically named for future success within the region. Mascarenhas stated, â€Å"The reason for this was based on my earlier experience in India, where ‘good quality’ rightly or wrongly, was associated with foreign imported goods. Eli Lilly Ranbaxy sounded foreign enough! † With Ranbaxy being the largest manufacturer of bulk pharmaceuticals in India, and with a domestic market share of 15 percent, they provided the knowledge needed for the local market and helped establish a name in the region for Lilly. Mascarenhas and Gulati had a good working and personal relationship; they had good interdependent communication, which was a crucial factor in the JV implementation and because Ranbaxy provided Eli Lilly with easy entrance and networks to the Indian market. After the establishment of the joint venture the two companies focused on creating an organization where there was strong support from both sides. Many employees had an opportunity to establish a legitimate career within the Eli Lilly Ranbaxy Corporation. Indeed, this was refreshing considering the high turnover rate within the industry, where the union served as a crutch. Within a year after building the infrastructure from the ground up, the JV was able to launch different products and had more than 200 employees. The joint venture provided product and marketing strategies, in which they employed successful corporate social responsibility of providing the physicians with relevant medical information Ranbaxy and Lilly were two companies that were successful in establishing a joint venture because they had a lot of the same common values. They both had high ethical standards, when presenting their products to doctors within the market; they would answer all questions correctly and to the best of their knowledge. Since their products were not known within the local market, Eli Lilly used a strong sense of honesty called the â€Å"Red book values†, with local doctors and began to gain their respect and trust. Andrew Mascarenhas, from Eli Lilly and Company was the first successful managing director for the joint venture. Throughout his tenure he helped shape and build the joint venture from the ground up. With a driven initiative and was responsible for the hiring of the sales force and recruitment of medical doctors. As a leader, Mascarenhas was faced with unique challenges; he had to deal with cash flow constraints, limitations on pricing and other government regulations. Also within the Indian market there was low recognition and high turnover rates for sales jobs. Mascarenhas and his team had to strategize on how to appeal to a wider range of employees through future opportunities amongst the company. Eli Lilly Ranbaxy invested in a training program. The program was created for the employees to hold strong values for the positions they were hired for and the positions were customized to Indian standards. Mascarenhas brought Eli Lilly’s values to the joint venture; he was instrumental in the training program and made sure those values were shared. When Mascarenhas was promoted in 1996, the new managing director was Chris Shaw. Having a significant background in operations, Shaw helped the company focus on establishing stability through new systems and processes. He expanded the product line and organized a team to make sure there were standard operating procedures (SOPs). These procedures would help the joint venture maintain a productive flow. Aided by his knowledge in marketing, the JV saw an improved growth in sales. Rajiv Gulati was shortly promoted after Chris Shaw. Already having history with the joint venture Gulati was initially the director of marketing and sales. He saw his time as the director an opportunity for growth, which was achieved by implementing medical and regulatory units which helped the company exceed the average growth rate in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. One of the challenges faced by Gulati was Lilly’s name was not commonly known amongst doctors in the market. Gulati and his team came up with the idea of using Ranbaxy’s name to lead as a foot in the door, and helped the company gain brand recognition. Also Gulati faced the challenge of trying to distribute a product that was already being sold amongst manufacturers. Through marketing and establishing trust with the doctors the company was able to establish their presence in India. The initial start up of the joint venture was faced with constant challenges, many in the form of government regulations but because of the functional working relationships between Mascarenhas and Gulati, the JV reached their break-even point in 1996 and soon realized profitability. With the growth of the pharmaceutical market the company also went through significant changes to keep up with innovations. New managers were introduced during the course of these changes and launched multiple new successful units, which saw a steady annual growth rate of 8 percent. The joint venture also became the world’s 12th leading pharmaceutical supplier in over 150 countries by 2001, and continuously developed new drugs through extensive research and development. Overall the performance of the IJV was a success. Each company learned from the joint venture that marketing network was important to have in order to enter the market in India. They also learned the importance of patent protection and how much a role the government can play in the protecting that proprietary knowledge. A patent is needed in order to price their products, and to protect their innovation for a certain time. When they learned the patent laws changed in India, it encouraged them to establish a joint venture there. The experience brought about by the international joint venture helped both companies enhance its overall market line and its potential of innovation and discovery. Eli Lilly and Company gained experience in the market perspective of Asian countries while establishing India as their hub. Also they gained significant experience in how to introduce their products within a market where they were not commonly known. Overall Eli Lilly Ranbaxy gained vital cooperation and communication amongst each other. Establishing a very accessible management staff contributed to the early on success of the joint venture. The commonality of the two companies also created ease within the company and allowed the company to grow in profits and outputs without any disruption or disagreements. Though the two companies have established a very successful lucrative company amongst the pharmaceutical industry the action that would be wise to do is to establish a 100% wholly owned subsidiary for Eli Lilly. The main reason for the they separation, is that each company started to focus on different objectives when the industry started to grow, Ranbaxy focusing on generics and Lilly focusing on research and development. To implement this action Eli Lilly would have to buy out Ranbaxy’s stake within the company. With Indian regulations favoring towards a more foreign owned market, this strategy would allow Eli Lilly total ownership and control over their present and future products specifically because of enhanced patent protection for the pharmaceutical industry. Though this is action could lead to potential profits in research and development for Lilly, the implications of these actions could come with potential losses, not factoring in the cost of the buyout. If the IJV were to break apart there is no clear explanation on the future financial outlooks of their company. Furthermore, it can create an unforeseen competition. However, it would allow each company to focus on their own agendas and it would also inject much needed cash flow for Ranbaxy and allow them to concentrate on the generic market. In order keep up with success a company must keep up with the market, and the market was clearly leading Lilly into the path of a fully owned subsidiary. There are risks associated with this but because the JV was already in such a strong position and aided by the new laws, the potential profits of this action is well worth the consideration.

Gullivers travels essays

Gulliver's travels essays Gullivers travels by Jonathan Swift is a book of adventure, excitement and literary devices. It is a story about multiple adventures of a man name Gulliver from England during the 16 Century. From the readers point of view, Gulliver is the author and describes very accurately the scenes he encounters many different creatures and inhabitants giving the book an interesting plot and design, never leaving the reader bored. The first unusual inhabitants Gulliver encounters is the Lilliputians. These creatures look just like humans, yet smaller. another land that Gulliver ventures too is Brobdingnag, a country where again, people look just like regular humans, yet much larger. Gulliver returns home, back to England between each voyage but then takes off again and faces off with pirates and other villains. He also stumbles upon the Houyhnhnms, whom are rational thinking horses, and Yahoos whom are humanns that are savage like. Gulliver makes it through all his adventures alive, and finally decides to stay once and for all in England. The story and the plot was really interesting. The author describes everything so well. that the reader feels as of he or she was actually in the situation. The order in which the details are laid out, are so well done that a picture automatically forms in the readers head. Because so many lands and people are introduced, there is much to be describe. For example, the way people and creatures look. the land they live in, there society and government all have to be explained. Not only does Gulliver tell about the broad picture, but at the same time he tells about what is happening to himself, which keeps the reader obsessed with the book. yet all this excitement depends on the reader. One may feel this book is too far-fetched and disliked it. Reason being it is far-fetched is because it is completely fictional with out of this world ...

How to Join Your High School’s Student Council

How to Join Your High School’s Student Council SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thinking about joining student council? You should be! It's a great way to make friends and gain leadership experience, especially if your interested in politics. However, it can alsorequire a significant time commitment. What is student council and what duties will you have as a member? How do you join? Should you join? I'll answer these questions and more below! What Is Student Council? Student Council, sometimes called Student Government, is the elected governing body at your high school. The group is composed entirely of students; often they have a faculty adviser. Typically (though this may vary slightly by high school/region), each grade level has itsown grade-level council (i.e. freshman student council, sophomore student council,junior student council, and senior student council). Usually, each grade-level council has their own faculty adviser.The grade-level councils typically plan and execute grade level specific programs (such as creatinga class t-shirt, organizing a class fundraiser, planning the class float for the Homecoming parade, etc.). Additionally, there is usually a school-wide student governmentthatplans and executes programs for the entire school (such as Homecoming Week or a school-wide fundraiser). The school-wide council typically has itsown faculty adviser but still gets assistance with itsevents from the grade-level councils. Think of the individual grades as individual states with their own governments, but they all fall under one country (school) and one federal government (the school-wide student council).I’ve created the chart below as a visual reference of this hierarchy. Additionally, I’ve listed the typical positions available on each council. What Do Student Council Members Do? In this section, I’ll discuss the general responsibilities of all members. I'll then go on to discuss the duties of specific officers (President vs. Secretary, etc.). Duties for All Members All student government membersare responsible for attending meetings (usually weekly, though the specifics will vary from school to school). If you’re on a grade-level council, you’ll likely have meetings both with your grade-level council and the school-wide council. These weekly meetings include all members of the council as well as the faculty adviser. At these weekly meetings, members brainstorm events they'd like to plan and divvy up the tasks.Occasionally (typically once or twice each school year), the grade-level student councils will hold an open meeting to allow their classmates to come and voice their concerns or suggest ideas. As I said above, members of the grade-level councils are responsible for planning and executing grade-level specific programs(such as creatinga class t-shirtororganizingJunior Prom).Members of the school-wide council plan and execute programs for the entire school (such as Homecoming Week or a school-wide fundraiser). In addition, members of grade-specific councils are responsible for assisting the school-wide council in planning and running major school-wide events such as the Homecoming parade, Homecoming dance, and pep rallies. Typically, senior student governmentmembers have an obligation aftergraduating from high school:planning your high school reunions. What Are the Position Specific Duties? I’ll go down the hierarchy. The duties of each position remain the same whether it’s for the freshman council or school-wide council. As I said above, every member is responsible for attending meetings and helping make school events happen. The duties listed below are the additionalduties for each position. President:Responsible for planning and running meetings (i.e. creating meeting itineraries, facilitating discussions), delegating tasks (i.e. deciding who on the council will be in charge of finding someone to design the class t-shirt, who will be responsible for finding a company to print the t-shirt), and for holding people accountable (i.e. making sure people complete their assigned tasks). 1st / 2nd Vice President:Responsible for assisting the president (i.e. running meetings in their absence, making sure people are completing assigned tasks, etc.) Secretary:Responsible for taking notes at all meetings and emailing those notes to all council members. Treasurer:Responsible for budgeting and managing money (i.e. collecting money when selling tickets for Homecoming, depositing that money into the proper account, keeping records). HowCan You Join Student Council? To be in student government, you need to be elected.Elections for freshman student council typically happen at the beginning of the school year, in the fall.Elections for sophomore, junior, senior, and school-wide student councils typically happen near the end of the school year before summer vacation.You usually have to sign up to run. Make sure to talk to the front office at your school and askhow to sign up to run for student government. If you’re trying to run for a position for the first time (i.e. you’ve never held a position on student council at your high school before, whether as a freshman, sophomore, junior or senior), I recommend first trying to run for what are considered smaller positions:treasurer or secretary.There is usually less competition for these positions, which will make it more likely that you’ll be elected.Additionally, while these positions are considered smaller, you have the same responsibility as the president or VP,to help plan and execute great events. If you hope to be class president someday, you can prove yourself in a smaller position and then run for bigger positions in future elections.I started as my freshman treasurer, then became sophomore VP, then junior class president, and I becameStudent Government President my senior year.No matter what position you run for, how you campaign is important. Youonly need onetip to win your campaign... The Most Important Campaign Tip:Make Sure People Know (and Trust) You! Plain and simple, you will not win your campaign if only tenpeople know who you are.You will also likely not win if your entire grade knows you, but onlyas the person failing all of your classes or the person who doesn’t take anything seriously (aka class clown).To win the campaign, you need to make sure people know you and trust you. How do you get people to know you?If your school allows it, make posters, stickers, pencils, etc. with your name on it.The size of the posters doesn’t matter, butthe quantity does.It’s better to print 50 posters on printer paper than to make 10 on fancyposterboard.You want people to see your name so that they can talk to their friends about you andtry to figure out who you are before election day. Next, start to develop your campaign platform or main focus. Why do you want to be on student council?Do you want to improve school dances? Do you want to have a wider variety of school lunch options? Create a class field trip? Start a fundraiser? Having a focused platform will help you seem trustworthy and will help you stay motivated. Now you have to spread your message.During your lunch period, you should not be sitting down; instead, walk around the cafeteriaorcampus. Introduce yourself! Hand out pencils and stickers.Talking to people is your best weapon.Tell them about yourself and why you want to be part of student government. Ask them what events they’d like to see planned this year or what ideas they have. However, you don't want to annoy other students (if you do, you definitely won't get elected), so try to cap yourself at 2-3 minutes of chatting, and then move on to another group. How do you get people to trust you?This is amore difficult task. Talking to people and asking about their ideas will help build some trust.To continue to build trust, you need to show your competence in the classroom.Make sure you’re known as the person who does all of their homework, gets good grades, engages in class discussions, etc.Don’t be known as the person who is always late to classor on their cell phone. How to Ace Your Campaign Speech Some schools allowcampaign speeches (mine didn't!). Speeches provide you with another opportunity to show that you're trustworthy. Here are my bullet points for a good campaign speech: Introduce yourself (It may seem obvious, but it will helpstudentswho may not know you). â€Å"Hi, I’m John Doe, and I’m running for sophomore class secretary.† Say why you want to be on student counciland why you’re qualified. Your qualifications will bea combination of personal characteristics and past experiences and successes. â€Å"I'm an excellent note-taker. I served as drama club secretary.† State your campaign platform or main focus. â€Å"I want to plan a class trip to Disney.† Explainhow you plan to accomplish your goals. â€Å"I will raise the money for the class trip by hosting a school-wide hot dog eating contest.† End with your name(again,it'll helpstudentswho may not know you). â€Å"Remember, vote for John Doeforsophomore class secretary.† These should be the main points you hit, but also try to inject some humor into your speech to make it more entertaining.Your speech should NOT be too long (I’d recommend 2-3 minutes maximum).Make it brief or you’ll lose your audience. What Are the Benefits of Joining Student Council? By joining the student government, you’re able to influence your high school.You can start new events and fundraisers.For example, as student government president, I started a donation drive to collect used prom dresses for a non-profit called Becca’sCloset.If there are things that bother you about your school thatyou'd like to improve, student council gives you an opportunity to do so.If you hated the Homecoming dance last year, you can plan a better event.Instead of having the Homecoming dance in your gym, you can move it to a hotel ballroom. If you dislike school lunches, you can try to change the menu. Student governmentalso gives you agreat leadership experience to discuss on your college application.Colleges like to see leadership experience and involvement on your resume.It shows that you can get involved in your school and improve things, which makes colleges think that hopefully you would do the same at their school. Be aware that there are potential drawbacks to joining student council.You might get blamed or criticized if people don’t enjoy your events.Nothing is worse than the class t-shirt. Someone is always unhappy and doesn’t like the design. People get this upset, SERIOUSLY. Should You Join Student Council? If you’re truly interested in planning school events and organizing fundraisers, then YES!If you’re just looking for another activity on your resume, then NO!Colleges aren’t looking for students with a laundry list of activities on their resume.Colleges are looking for students who do one thing and who do it VERY well.For more on this, read our article, How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League, by a Harvard Alum. If you love the idea of improving your school, then make student council your main extracurricular.Don’t be a mediocre student governmentmember! To be an effective member of student council, make sure you have the time to commit to it. You'll want to have at least fivehours per week to dedicate to student council. Plan ononehour for meetings and fourhours for event planning or executing events. Be on time to meetings and events. Show up to meetings with ideas for events. Take charge of event planning. Try to plan the best events your school has ever had.Plan new amazing fundraisers!Try to make real positive changes at your school! What’s Next? Interested in learning about other great extracurricular opportunities? Learn more about job shadowing, community service, and volunteer abroad programs. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

GRoup think on SMall Group about how the class elaborates how people Essay

GRoup think on SMall Group about how the class elaborates how people go with the group - Essay Example Studies have proved that despite group’s decision on certain matters, individuals of the same group may have different opinions of their own. However, the group exerts certain amount of force on members to preserve unanimity, for which they might sacrifice personal opinions. Internal and external reasons force members to go with the group regardless of personal perspectives. Symptoms of groupthink In order to understand the factors causing groupthink, one should identify the symptoms of this threat. According to Freeman (1999), a group that is vulnerable to groupthink is less likely to seek alternatives in its decision making processes; moreover, it will heed little attention to distinctive ideas or external assistance (p. 249). This attitude is termed as the ‘illusion of infallibility’ due to which the group rebuffs the advice of experts and tends to flaw. Another reason that determines the intensity of groupthink is the size of the organization. According to exp erts, large groups are more likely to promote groupthink. To illustrate, in a comparatively bigger group, individuals are normally reluctant to take up initiatives; instead, they would join the common decision of the group. Fear is the root cause of this unanimity; and to avert flaws, members hide their personal views while they are in big groups. In contrast, a group’s unusually small size also can become a reason for groupthink. Minority groups often tend to maintain socially unfavorable levels of cohesiveness. In order to vie with the majority segments, many minority groups choose subversive activities. We can see such stereotypical ideologies that intensify domestic as well as international tensions across the globe. Political parties, ethnic groups, and even governmental bodies also can be affected by groupthink. As discussed earlier, the exceeding emphasis on unanimity compels individuals to sacrifice their personal opinions often regardless of their relevance to the co ntext. The paucity of multiple responses normally leads to immediate decisions presumably in favor of the group leadership. This really reminds us the significance of invoking personal perspectives during the process of decision making in groups. Furthermore, members’ overdependence is another notable symptom of groupthink. Most of the groups are basically vulnerable to this threat as members maintain higher degree of expectation on leadership. They rely on leader’s quality and skills and anticipate higher level of achievement from him. Once they come to realize the inability or limitation of the leadership, they would attribute group failure to the leadership. Strategic approach to groupthink Although modern organizations pay higher emphasis on teamwork and organizational cohesion as their competitive advantage, they are required to heed genuine effort to the formulation of strategies to meet the challenges of groupthink. The following part will discuss some of the po pular strategies that HR managers often apply in their groups to address groupthink. As Thompson (2006), purports, managers can invite varying perspectives into the decision making process because according to the author, the paucity of varying opinion was the cause of many governmental and organizational failures (p.177). Hence, as the group environment becomes more viable, members will get more opportunity to interact with experts which in turn will positively influence the decision making. The logic is that; the more a group is exposed to external

Short essay #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short #1 - Essay Example To this end, it is important to note that plagiarism is classified as an ethical breach and an academic offense. Moreover, the offense of plagiarism can be addressed as a tort in a court of law (" Copyright Website - Info"). In this case, it is classified as a copyright infringement. Evidently, violation of a copyright by a plagiarist could right result into a law suit being filed against the perpetrator upon production of a legally registered copyright. The repercussions of plagiarism among students in college are very dire since it ruins one’s academic path as well as destroying the long term career plans. Examples of penalties extended to a plagiarist include suspension, cancelling of academic grades or even expulsion. There are several reasons why students are found guilty of plagiarism. Foremost, some students engage in plagiarism out of laziness ("ASU Sociology Department†). In such a scenario, a lazy student sources the internet for assignment answers in websites such as Wikipedia and eventually copies and pastes the information word for word. The student ignores the art of studious research and opts for short cuts in completing term papers and other assignments. Another cause for plagiarism by students is ignorance. In such a scenario, the student carelessly gathers information from a variety of online and book sources without dully acknowledging the authors ("ASU Sociology Department†). Moreover, the student assumes that no one will notice the plagiarised work and presents the work without citing all outside sources used. The third cause for plagiarism is arrogance by the students. In this case, the student assumes that he or she can outsmart the professor when doing assignments without citing sources used. On the contrary, the student stands a high chance of getting caught since the

An Inspector Calls :: sh Literature

An Inspector Calls I liked 'An Inspector Calls' even though it isn't the type of play I would usually have enjoyed, because of there being only one scene and small number of characters. But it had a plot that impressed and perplexed me from start to finish with a nice twist at the end. Set at Brumley in 1912 'An Inspector Calls' is about a wealthy family named the Birlings and one night that changes each and every one of them. A man claiming to be a police inspector investigating the suicide of a young, working class girl, arrives at the stately home of Mr Arthur Birling. He has probing questions for each of the five people dining within the house and more than one person is exposed for affecting this girl's life and driving her to suicide. In this play Priestley not only aims to entertain but as with almost all of his other plays and novels has hidden meanings and messages, such as the proud arrogance and irresponsibility of upper class, older generation bureaucrats and their conservative views of the period, their blindness to change and their selfish, spoiled attitudes. This becomes apparently clear as Priestley almost dons the part of the inspector in challenging the family one by one, as Priestley's and the inspector's views appear almost alike (Priestley being a great fighter for the rights of the working class person). This is stated quite clearly in the inspectors closing paragraph: "But remember this. One Eva Smith has gone- but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness, all intertwined with our lives" I also enjoyed the screenplay. I feel it was quite successful and a fair interpretation of the original play. It also changed my views of some of the characters. I felt more sympathetic for the young Eric Birling as the screenplay gave you a clearer picture of his side of the story and played on his vulnerability and sweet innocence. Also the inspector came across as more scheming and not half as democratic as in the play. I didn't particularly take to this, as one of the reasons I liked the character of the inspector is because of his political and authoritative persona. The screenplay also gave the play a more si-fi/paranormal genre with the inspector disappearing into thin air at the end and his slightly more obvious ability to predict the future. I did particularly enjoy the flashbacks to each family members first meeting with Eva throughout the screenplay. These little sections

Glass Ceiling Topic

INTRODUCTION: The research team has selected the topic of â€Å"Glass ceiling† for the research project. It has been observed that during the last few years a lot of women are going in management field but not a lot of them are getting an opportunity to get into the top management positions. This has got nothing to do with their abilities and dedication to their work, it is clear that glass ceiling is affecting and stopping the women from reaching the top management positions. The problem of glass ceiling persists in the other countries of the world as is clear from the previous researches but this problem is more evident in Pakistan. This is because despite the boom in education sector, the society still remains conservative and negative feelings and stereotypes do exist against women employees. As a result of the glass ceiling, the performance of women employees is also being affected. This is a cause of concern and it is happening because women managers feel that they are not being treated equally. They develop the feelings that their efforts are not being properly rewarded. Due to the presence of pre-defined rules and regulation for promotions women working in public sector are not being affected a great deal by glass ceiling. Thus it is the private sector where the women are facing glass ceiling the most. The significance of this study is that the research team looked into the main problems which are prohibiting the women from going into the top management positions. By identifying the factors causing the problems, the team will be able to judge the reasons and help eradicate them. It is important to look in the organizational factors that would help the women to reach to top management positions as early as they deserve. This study is an effort to not only identify the factors responsible for affecting the performance of women managers through glass ceiling but also to give solutions to over come from this problems. LITERATURE REVIEW The term ‘glass ceiling’ refers to the transparent but real and strong barrier which prevents women from moving up in the management hierarchy in an organization (Morrison & Glinow, 1990). The minority of women in senior management has led many researchers to investigate whether glass ceiling barriers such as sexual discrimination, gender wage gap, gender stereotype, harassment and lack of family-friendly workplace policies in the organizations are at play and how these barriers affect the performance of female employees in the organizations (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002). The existence of glass ceiling in different organizations, cultures and time span has been confirmed by many researchers. In 1997, Tokunaga & Graham looked at employees in the technical division at one large Fortune 500 corporation and found that female engineers could not advance as far up the corporate hierarchy as did the male engineers, thereby providing evidence for the existence of a â€Å"glass ceiling† against women. A research conducted by Veale & Gold (1998) in Metropolitan District Council situated in Yorkshire, UK also confirmed that a glass ceiling did exist within the council and this inhibited women’s progression into senior management. This existence of a strong glass ceiling effect prevents women to progress in the organizations. A study controlled for previous job experience, education, age, tenure, initial job level and gender showed that even levels of promotions existed for men and women. However, qualitative data showed that women were employed by the organization at a level that was lower than their qualifications, or lower than men doing the same job. Therefore, even with equal rates of promotion, women will not progress as far as men (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002). There a number of factors that keeps the glass ceiling in effect. One of them is the gender stereotype. Over the last three decades, Schein (2007) found that gender stereotyping of the managerial position has continued to be the major barrier to women’s progress in management, worldwide. He also shown that on international level, the view of women as less likely than men to possess requisite management characteristics is a commonly held belief among male management students in the USA, the UK, Germany, China and Japan. Apart from gender stereotyping, gender wage gap also plays its role in the organizations. Across a sample of eleven European Union countries in 1995–2001 Booth & Bryan (2007) found that women were paid less than men and this wage gap typically widened toward the top of the wage distribution (the â€Å"glass ceiling† effect), and in a few cases it also widened at the bottom (the â€Å"sticky floor† effect). In recent studies of promotion to partner process, Kumra & Vinnicombe (2008) concluded that the disadvantages women face in organizations in relation to the promotion to partner process arise from a combination of firm-based and societal based factors. Discussing the relationship between discrimination, harassment and glass ceiling (Bell, McLaughlin & Sequeira, 2002), glass ceiling was referred as one of the form of sex discrimination. In the study it was concluded that because all three have some common antecedents, steps to reduce one of them will likely affect the others. Apart from that they suggested that measures designed to increase numbers of women in higher level positions will reduce sexual harassment. As a result of this glass ceiling there is an inclination of women to entrepreneurship as a result of barriers to women’s advancements in corporation (Mattis, 2004). Mattis showed that lack of flexibility continued to be a feature of the corporate culture that lead to the attrition of high potential women and contributed to the dramatic increase in entrepreneurship among women in the US Glass ceiling affects the performance of women at managerial posts. Some of the â€Å"masculine† organizational barriers that severely hinder women’s ability to be effective in their role as strategic decision makers include reluctance of male subordinates towards female managers; isolation by male colleagues; exclusion from male-dominated informal networks and the lack of mentorship (Okanlawon, 1994). Exploration of a model of decision making (Large & Saunders, 1995) explains how a combination of both individual choices (employees’ own perceptions, requirements and priorities like family, social life) and organizational blockages (organizational structure, policies and culture) maintains the glass ceiling. Gender related attributes also play their role. An appropriate theoretical foundation for explaining differences between male and female service providers originates in the sociology literature and is referred to as feminist theory. This theory proffers two perspectives regarding gender-related differences in performance. One argues that there are a wide variety of issues that are impacted by society’s attitudes towards women (Hooks, 2000). These attitudes are based in the history and institutional structure of society. As a result, women are treated differently than men, so that the performance of businesses owned by women suffers. Another stream of literature argues that there are innate differences between male and female approaches to issues. These differences lead women to take different actions than males in similar situations (Buttner, 2001; Fletcher, 1998). There is an alternative theoretical perspective that would not accept the arguments advanced by feminist theory. The foundation for most of this research is the rational economic model (Ferber & Nelson, 1993). This theory argues that individuals make rational economic choices and seek to maximize economic benefit to themselves or the firm. Most of these models assume that customers are economically rational and will make their choices based on the benefits gained from the transaction, and not the gender of the service provider. Prior research on whether gender as an impact on the financial performance of professional service providers has not provided clear insights on whether feminist theory or the rational economic model is more valid. Some researchers find that women achieve lower financial performance than men (Hisrich & Brush, 1984; Loscocco, Robinson, Hall, & Allen, 1991; Lustgarten, 1995; Chaganti & Prasuraman, 1997; Fasci & Valdez, 1998), while others argue that there is no performance difference between male & female owned enterprises (Fischer, Reuber & Dyke, 1993; Kalleberg & Leicht, 1991). Davidson & Cooper (1983) found that managerial women experience greater strain and feel more isolated at work than males which in turn affect their performance. There is gender difference in leadership because of negative perception and evaluation of women in leadership (Stelter 2002). Sex role orientation and the stereotype of manager role as masculine construct, along with lack of career planning among women are predominant theme that explains why so few women progress to leadership position (Chugh & Sehgal 2007). Women are not advancing in work place because they did not receive training to perform job moreover manager do not appreciate achievements of their women employee as compare to men (Asplund 1988). RESEARCH QUESTION How glass ceiling affect the job performance of managerial women? THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There are three variables which are under study. Job performance is dependent variable and it is the variable of primary interest and changes or variations in job performance will be explained by two independent variables (1) gender stereotyping (2) cooperation among colleagues. Gender stereotyping has negative relation with job performance i. e. if there is less gender stereotyping among the members of organization then greater will be the job performance. Cooperation has positive relation with job performance i. e. if there is more cooperation among the employees the greater will be the job performance. Review of past researches shows if there is gender stereotyping female manager can not get the equal opportunities, males are only favoring the males so ultimately it affect the job performance of female employees that’s why there is a negative relation between job performance and gender stereotype. Past researches also shows that the cooperation plays a very important role in increasing the job performance because if there is a cooperation among employees then they can motivate each other and it leads towards increase in job performance. Independent Variable Dependent variable [pic] Independent Variable HYPOTHESES ? If cooperation among the colleagues at work place is increased then the job performance of managerial women will be increased. ? If gender stereotyping is reduced at work place then the job performance of managerial women will be increased. METHODOLOGY Study design In this cross-sectional co-relational field study data on two independent variables (gender stereotype, cooperation among colleagues) and dependent variable(job performance) were collected from both males and females at management level working in private organizations( PIFRA(Project to Improve Financial Reporting and Auditing) World bank, Ittehad airlines,IBM Pakistan) in Islamabad through personally administered questionnaires. Population and Sample Population for the study comprised all men and women at managerial level working in private organizations in Islamabad. Quota sampling method was used to draw sample out of population because it was deemed fit by the researchers on the basis of cost and time considerations. Subjects were chosen in predetermined numbers. The total sample size was n=34 which comprised 14 (41. 2%) males and 20(58. 8%) females. 40 questionnaires were given to both gender and they all were received back within a time period of 2 weeks, resulting in 100% response rate because questionnaires were personally administered and researchers clarify research topic, doubts and assist some of the respondents in understanding some questions. The units of analysis were individuals who responded to the survey. Out of females 8 (40 %) were at low and 12 (60 %) were at middle level management. Out of males 8 (57. 1 %) were at low and 6 (42. 9 %) were at middle level management. During data filtration patterns were observed in 6 out of 40 questionnaires of which 3 were filled by males and rest by females, such questionnaires were set a side and remaining 34 were used for analysis. 7 questionnaires include missing items ranging from 1 to 2 so middle value on the interval scale i. e. 3(unsure) was assigned to them. Variables and Measures Questionnaires include two demographic variables (gender & managerial level), they were tapped by direct single questions. ? Job performance: This dependent variable indicates the extent to which employees of the organization are expected to acquire job knowledge, achieve assigned goals and maintain better work related relations with members of organization at workplace. Researchers develop 5 point interval scale containing 6 items to measure the relationship of this variable with cooperation among colleagues (independent variable). An example item is â€Å"A friendly atmosphere among colleagues at work place leads to better job performance† Reliability of these items checked via SPSS SOFTWARE gave alpha= . 56 Means reliable. Researchers used 8 items scale to measure the relationship of job performance with gender stereotype (independent variable). An example item is â€Å"I feel additional pressure to perform because I am women†. Reliability of these items checked via SPSS SOFTWARE gave alpha= . 6334 ? Gender stereotype: Stereotypes of men and women commonly reflect the distinction made in implicit personality theory between agency and communion (e. . , Rosenberg, Nelson, & Vivekananthan, 1968). This independent variable was measured using 5 point interval scale containing 14 items. An example item is â€Å"a woman’s place is in home† Reliability of these items checked via SPSS SOFTWARE gave alpha= . 636 ? Cooperation among colleagues: †cooperation is a process by which individ uals, groups and organizations come together, interact and form psychological relationships for mutual gain or benefit (Smith et al. , 1995)†. This independent variable was measured using 5 point interval scale containing 10 items. An example item is â€Å"open communication of relevant information occurs between male and female colleagues† Reliability of these items checked via SPSS SOFTWARE gave alpha= . 634 Data collection method Data was collected through personally administered questionnaires because the survey was confined to local area i. e. Islamabad. Moreover, this method was deemed fit in Pakistan as compared to mailed and electronic questionnaires. Method of personally administered questionnaires was adopted to introduce research topic, clarify doubts of respondents and collect all the completed responses within a short span of time. All questionnaires were received back within 2 weeks. 5 point interval scale was used for data collection containing range from â€Å"strongly disagree to strongly agree† RESULTS In order to test the formulated hypotheses, statistical analysis of the responses of the questionnaires was done. The reliability of the four scales is given below: Reliability of Cooperation among colleagues (CAC) scale Table 1 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of CAC for the Main Study (N=34) Scale No. of items Alpha coefficient CAC 10 0. 34 Table 1 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 634) for the CAC scale. The results in table 1 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. Reliability of Gender stereotyping (GS) scale Table 2 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of SRS for the Main Study (N=34) Scale No. of items Alpha coefficient GS 14 0. 636 Table 2 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 636) for the SRS scale. The results in table 2 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. Reliability of Cooperation effect on Performance (CEP) scale Table 3 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of CEP for the Main Study (N=34) Scale No. of items Alpha coefficient CEP 6 0. 56 Table 3 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 56) for the PER scale. The results in table 3 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. Reliability of Stereotyping effect on Performance (SEP) scale Table 4 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of SEP for the Main Study (N=34) Scale No. of items Alpha coefficient SEP 6 0. 633 Table 4 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 633) for the PER scale. The results in table 4 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. The results are organized under five main headings: 1) Cooperation among colleagues 2) Sex-role stereotype 3) Perception about female managers 4) Effect of cooperation on performance of female managers 5) Effect of stereotyping on performance of female managers Cooperation among colleagues Table 5 GenderMeanNSD Male 3. 45140. 63 Female 3. 39200. 43 Note: Scale: strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) The male respondents think that cooperation does exist in private organizations among male and female colleagues (3. 45). Female respondents also think that cooperation exist between male and female colleagues (3. 39). Sex-role stereotype Table 6 GenderMeanNSD Male 3. 10140. 92 Female 2. 76200. 813 Note: Scale: strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) Sex role stereotyping does exist in male respondents but its very less (3. 1). However it does not exist in female respondents (2. 76). Perception about female managers Table 7 GenderMeanNSD Male 2. 67140. 83 Female 3. 51200. 51 Note: Scale: strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) The male respondents do not think that female managers have to be more competent than males and behave in a typically ‘masculine way’ in order to be noticed and promoted (2. 67). However female respondents think that they are required to be more competent in order to be taken seriously (3. 39). Effect of cooperation on performance of female managers Table 8 Correlation between Cooperation among colleagues and performance of female managers (N=34) Correlation r Correlation between . 286 cooperation among colleagues nd performance of female managers ____________________________________________________________ ____________ p=0. 101 Table 8 shows that the hypothesis assuming that there is a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and performance of female managers is accepted as there is non-significant relationship between these two. Results indicate a weak relationship between cooperation among colleagues a nd performance of female managers. Results also show that only 8% of job performance of female managers is affected by cooperation among colleagues. Effect of stereotyping on performance of female managers Table 9 Correlation between stereotyping and performance of female managers (N=34) Correlation r Correlation between . 117 stereotyping and performance of female managers ____________________________________________________________ ____________ p=0. 510 Table 9 shows that the hypothesis assuming that there is a relationship between stereotyping and performance of female managers is rejected as there is non-significant relationship between these two. Results indicate a weak relationship between stereotyping and performance of female managers. Results also show that only 1% of job performance of female managers is affected by stereotyping. DISCUSSION The purpose of this study was to see the level of cooperation among colleagues and the gender stereotyping in private organizations and then to determine the impact of these two on the performance of female managers in the private organizations. The statistical analysis of the data acquired from the filled questionnaires revealed that both male and female managers at the low and middle level of organization think that there exists a friendly atmosphere among male and female colleagues at work place. They help each other in time of need and in performing work related tasks. Though both male and female agree that cooperation does exist but the interesting finding is that male employees perceive that there is cooperation among colleagues more then female employees do. Another interesting finding is that male employees think that a woman’s place is in home and they are not suited for work outside of the home. According to their point of view traditional husband/wife roles are the best and that it is the job of women to manage the home and men to go out to work. Also, they think that women lack the skills and abilities needed at work. This finding is supported by a study conducted by Schein (2007) who found that on international level, the view of women as less likely than men to possess requisite management characteristics is a commonly held belief among male management students in the USA, the UK, Germany, China and Japan. However, female employees do not think that women lack the managerial skills and that they are not suited for work outside the home. Female employees think that compared to male managers, female managers must continually prove themselves in order to be taken seriously and get promoted. Whereas male managers think that male and female managers are treated equally and in the same fashion as those of male managers. These results are supported by (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002) who found out that the existence of a strong glass ceiling effect prevents women to progress in the organizations. The researchers also showed that women were employed by the organization at a level that was lower than their qualifications, or lower than men doing the same job It was hypothesized that if the cooperation among colleagues is increased then the performance of female managers will be enhanced. The study results show that there exist a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and the performance of female managers. So the study results show that if the cooperation among colleagues is increased there will be an improvement in the performance of female managers. This finding is also proved by a previous study conducted by (Okanlawon, 1994) that glass ceiling affects the performance of women at managerial posts and a friendly atmosphere among male and female colleagues contributes in the better and improved performance of female managers. Another hypothesis that was formulated was that the reduction in gender stereotyping will result in an improved performance of female managers. This hypothesis has been proved wrong. The study shows that there is a very weak relationship between stereotyping and the performance of female managers. Also these two are weakly correlated in a positive way. The conclusion drawn is that in the private organizations of Pakistan, female employees do not bother about what male think of females as managers. Female managers do not feel discouraged due to stereotyping. Their work activities, abilities and morale is not affected by the stereotyping of male colleagues. CONCLUSION The study aimed at finding either male and female colleagues in organizations cooperate with each other and either gender stereotyping exists among male and female managers. The findings show that both male and female employees at managerial posts of private organizations agree that cooperation does exist but the degree of agreement is higher in male then in female managers. The study was also aimed to see if there exist a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and job performance of female managers. A moderate relationship does exist between cooperation and female managers’ job performance. Hence if the level of comfort and cooperation among male and female colleagues at work is enhanced, female managers’ performance will improve. It is evident from the findings of the study that female managers’ performance is not affected by the gender stereotyping of their male peers. RECOMMENDATIONS Since it has been found that a friendly atmosphere among male and female employees at workplace plays a vital role in the better performance of female managers, the private organizations in Pakistan should figure out ways and make policies to make sure that female employees feel at ease with their male peers and both male and female employees work together and coordinate with each other in order to enhance employees’ performance. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH The generalizability of the results of this study is low since a non-probability sampling technique was used due to lack of time and resources. The sample size is also very small (n=34) which is not suitable for such kind of research. For future research, work which look more directly at these issues taking a larger sample size will be encouraged. Also it is required to see that though gender stereotyping is not affecting the performance of female managers but it is probable that gender stereotyping that is being found in Pakistani organization might be affecting the hiring or/and promotion criterion of female managers. REFERENCES Virginia E. Schein (2007). Women in management: reflections and projections. Women in Management Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 6-18. Camilla Veale, & Jeff Gold (1998). Smashing into the glass ceiling for women managers. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 17-26. Author, Howard Tokunaga & Tracy Graham (1997). The â€Å"glass ceiling† [On-line] Avaialble http://www. Simone Jeavons, & Peter Sevastos (2002). Glass Ceiling Effect or Sticky Floors? [On- line] Avaialble http://www. W iji Arulampalam, Alison L. Booth, & Mark L. Bryan (2007). Is There A Glass Ceiling Over Europe? Exploring The Gender Pay Gap Across The Wage Distribution. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 60, No. 2. Myrtle P. Bell, Mary E. McLaughlin, & Jennifer M. Sequeira (2002). Discrimination, Harassment, and the Glass Ceiling: Women Executives as Change Agents. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 65–76. Savita Kumra & Susan Vinnicombe (2008). A Study of the Promotion to Partner Process in a Professional Services Firm: How Women are Disadvantaged. British Journal of Management, Vol. 19, S65–S74. Mary C. Mattis (2004). Women entrepreneurs: out from under the glass ceiling. Women in Management Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 154-163. Martin Large & Mark N. K. Saunders (1995). A decision-making model for analyzing ow the glass ceiling is maintained: unblocking equal promotion opportunities. The International Journal of Career Management, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 21–28 Gus Okanlawon (1994). Women as Strategic Decision Makers: A Reflection on Organizational Barriers. Women in Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 25-32 Fletcher, J. 1998. Relational practice: A feminist Reconstruction of work. Journal of Management Inquiry, 7(2): 163-186. Buttner, E. H. 2001. Examining female entrepreneurs’ management style: An application of a relational frame, Journal of Business Ethics, 29: 253-269. Hisrich, R. D. , & Brush, C. G. 1984. The women entrepreneur: Implications of family, educational and occupational experience. Journal of Small Business Management, 22(1), 30-37. Loscocco, K. A. , Robinson, J. , Hall, R. H. , & Allen, J. K. 1991. Gender and small business: An inquiry into women’s relative disadvantage. Social Forces 70, 65-85. Fasci, M. and Valdez, J. 1998. A performance contrast of male- and female-owned small accounting practices. Journal of Small Business Management, Fischer, E. M. , Reuber, A. R. , & Dyke, L. S. 1993. A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8, 151-168. Davidson, M. & Cooper, C. (1983). Stress and the Women Manager. Nicole, Z. S. 2002. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP. Journal of leadership and organizational studies. Chugh, s. & sahgal, P. (2007) . why do few womens advance to leadership position. Global business review 2007. Asplund, G. (1988). Women managers:Changing organizational cultures, Morrison, A. M. and M. A. Von Glinow (1990). ‘women and minorities in management’, American Psychologist, 45 , pp. 200-208. ———————– Gender Stereotyping Cooperation among colleagues Job Performance

Depression Through the Different Developmental Stages - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 532 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? Depression is a condition that persists over time and increases in intensity that can impair ones ability to live the way they want to. Within each developmental stage, the signs and causes of depression are different. The three developmental stages that are being discussed are childhood, adolescence and the elderly. The difference in depression for each developmental stage is different. For childhood depression, children as young as four are being diagnosed with depression. The episodes are shorter with more physical symptoms because children cannot always verbalize their feelings. With adolescences, they feel physical changes within themselves and their bodies, separation from parents or guardians, social network, education goals, and sexual orientation. Those who suffer depression late in life often describe a sense of emptiness and that the world is closing in on them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Depression Through the Different Developmental Stages" essay for you Create order Some of the causes linked to childhood depression are biological, genetic, psycho social causes. Depression runs in families, children have about 20% chance of developing depression if one or more members of their family has been experienced depression. Other causes for childhood depression are social and cultural reasons, bullying, technology, internet, and poverty. Those causes can also be seen for adolescence depression as well. But teenagers are also trying to be liked everyone else and fit in the right crowd. Adults just view it as a phase they are going through. Depression in the elderly may be as they are get older that they feel like they are no longer needed, they may have lost their spouse, or their children and family may hardly visit them or not at all. Depression is hard to diagnose in each developmental group and have specific symptoms. Symptoms in children it will be more physical, such as tummy aches, headaches. Not feeling well, clingy, separation, and anxiety because they are unable to verbalize what they are feeling. With adolescence, they start to have feelings of hopelessness. Some even try to hurt themselves on the outside to make them feel the same pain they feel inside. The elderly want to keep their independence. They do not want to show that they can no longer take care of themselves and have to rely on others. The most common treatments for depression are biological, social, cultural, and psychological treatments. Treatment for children may include play therapy, one on one sessions with therapists introducing dolls or other objects to help children act out their feelings. Adolescence may need biological therapy or medication, but only in extreme cases. The elderly may do well in group sessions so they know that they are not the only ones who feel lonely or empty inside. By knowing the symptoms of depression in each developmental stage can lead to treating the person and getting them the help that they need. References Big Think. (2011, June 14). Why teenagers are so depressed [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEOP2V0sg0E Emory University. (2012, August 12). Fuqua Center for Late-Life Depression 10th Anniversary [Video file] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPMeAOBtfpw Feldman Robert. Essential of understanding psychology Access Card 12th Edition Tvoparents. (2012, April 27). Childhood Depression: A Parents Primer [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnVbZm20YQ